Bibliography: p. 271-280. Grades and grading : a tradition of inconstant standards -- Contexts for understanding the meanings of grades -- Current attitudes about grades : the national survey -- What employers and faculty members think about grades -- Students' and parents' attitudes toward grades -- Learning for grades versus learning for its own sake -- What grade- and learning-oriented students think about and do in college classes -- Different students view the same grade differently -- What to do about grading practices. Includes index. Half title: Making sense of college grades: why the grading system dãis not work and what can be done about it.